Concordance between methods of estimating body fat in pediatric and adolescent age.

Background and objective: The percentage of fat (%BF), essential data in the health or nutrition field, can be estimated by different methods. This work compares the %BF values obtained by anthropometry, Near Infrared Interactance (NIR), and Bioimpedance Analysis (BIA), in childhood and adolescence. Material and Methods: The sample consisted of 1015 schoolchildren aged 9 to 16 years. Height, weight, and four adipose folds were measured: tricipital, bicipital, subscapular, and suprailiac. The %BF by anthropometry was calculated using a specific formula based on body density (BD). A tetrapolar analyzer was used for the BIA calculation. The optical density in the biceps was measured for the one observed by NIR. Results: The high correlation and determination coefficients show that the relationship between %BF by anthropometry, BIA, or NIR is very strong, mainly between the first two. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) results between Anthropometry and BIA show an almost perfect agreement. Its graphical contrast attests that the correlation is higher in the male sex. In general, the agreement between Anthropometry and BIA is higher than between Anthropometry and NIR. Conclusions: The three techniques used to measure %BF show high concordance. All ICC values between pairs of methods are above 0.90. The comparison of %BF by anthropometry with BIA or NIR shows that the affinity is higher in intermediate adiposity percentages than in extreme ones. This trend occurs in both sexes and age groups.

Variation of the cormic index since the onset of summer school camps in Spain (1887) up to present days.

OBJECTIVES: To assess a secular change in proportion between lower limbs and torso, we analyzed the evolution of cormic index in schoolchildren attending summer camps organized by the Spanish National Pedagogic Museum between 1887 and 1924, also comparing to later studies up to the present. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Unpublished primary data for height and sitting height were collected from 805 individuals of both sexes. Data were pooled in cohorts according to age and year of measurement. Additionally, the analysis included comparison with published data from both national and international populations. RESULTS: Among males, a noteworthy decrease of the cormic index is perceived from the first to the last camps, while in females this is only seen for the group under 11 years old. With data from published Spanish references (1900-2019) a decrease is observed for the male series but is not evident for females. Cormic index values from the camps overlap among the international references, despite the former being from much earlier years. CONCLUSION: The cormic index decreased among Spanish male children along the decades.

Hand grip strength in boys and girls from summer school camps in Spain, 1900-1925. A comparison with 21st century data.

OBJECTIVES: The Spanish National Pedagogic Museum (Museo Pedagógico Nacional, MPN), founded by La Institución Libre de Enseñanza, organized the first summer school camps in Spain and their initiative was followed by other institutions in this country. MPN prepared anthropological forms for those sojourns, which included information about both metric and physiological measurements of the schoolchildren. The aim of the current work is to analyze hand grip strength data and to compare them with recent values. METHODS: The initial sample included 2418 schoolchildren from 6 to 16 years old (1467 males, 951 females) attending the camps, but after preliminary analyses, the study was restricted to 1073 boys and 818 girls in the 1900-1925 interval. Three time periods were established and 13 categories of height at camp entry, every 5 cm. Normality tests were run as well as contrasts of means, and both average values and percentiles were calculated for hand grip strength in both hands, as a function of age and height categories. RESULTS: The 1900-1925 interval was chosen since there were no significant differences among hand grip data within that period. Results show that children attending the camps had dynamometry values in both hands well below the current ones, both with reference to their height and to their age. CONCLUSIONS: Camp attendees displayed very low values of height and hand grip strength in both hands. Both are significantly lower than contemporary values, manifesting a secular effect.

Waist circumference percentiles for Hispanic-American children and comparison with other international references.

INTRODUCTION: Waist circumference (WC) constitutes an indirect measurement of central obesity in children and adolescents. OBJECTIVE: To provide percentiles of WC for Hispanic-American children and adolescents, and compare them with other international references. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sample comprised 13 289 healthy children between 6 and 18 years coming from public schools of middle and low socioeconomic levels in different parts of Argentina, Cuba, Spain, Mexico, and Venezuela. The LMS method to calculate WC percentiles was applied. Sex and age differences were assessed using Student's t test and ANOVA (SPSS v.21.0). Comparisons were established with references from the United States, Colombia, India, China, Australia, Kuwait, Germany, Tunisia, Greece, and Portugal. RESULTS: WC increases with age in both sexes. Boys show higher WC in P3, P50, and P97. Comparison of 50th and 90th percentiles among populations from diverse sociocultural and geographical contexts shows high variability, not all justified by the measurement method. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Specific WC percentiles for sex and age, and P90 cut-off points are provided; these values are potentially useful to assess central obesity in Hispanic-American adolescent children.

Historical recollection of anthropometric data from schoolchildren attending summer camps from 1887 to 1934 in Spain: Interpretations and comparison with coetaneous and modern references.

OBJECTIVES: Around the aim of gaining knowledge on the secular trends in nutritional status of the Spanish population, we found a collection of historical records compiled by La Institución Libre de Enseñanza and their alumni association along 47 years. These data had been collected from boys and girls attending summer camps, with a policy of improving health of children with unfavorable socioeconomic conditions. The objective is to extract all possible information about growth changes, and eventually any interpretation related to status of the originating families. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Primary data were collected from both unpublished manuscripts containing the original records and publications of the organizing institutions. They had been gathered from 86 summer camps in Spain from 1887 to 1934. In these camps, detailed anthropometric data were collected from every attendee, including body height and weight. The sample population amounts to 1,791 boys and 1,281 girls, between 7 and 16 years of age. RESULTS: Body height and weight, pooled by camp year, age and sex, displayed variable secular increases. A similar observation appears for the body mass index (BMI). As a complement, a comparison was done to contemporary published references from both Spanish and international studies. DISCUSSION: Height, weight, and BMI from the camps may be judged as retardation of growth and malnutrition by modern standards but it is not the case when coetaneous references are considered: no overall significant differences were found with respect to several publications from Spanish and European populations.

Relación entre el Índice Córmico y el Índice de Masa Corporalentre los 6 y 18 años / Relationship between Cormic Index and Body Mass Index between 6 and 18 years old

INTRODUCCIÓN: El Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) se utiliza para valorar la condición nutricional en niños y adultos, pero su principal limitación es que no tiene en cuenta la composición corporal ni la longitud de los segmentos corporales. El índice Córmico (IC) se utiliza para valorar la proporcionalidad y relaciona a talla sentado con la estatura. OBJETIVOS: Analizar la evolución del IMC y del IC con la edad y la asociación entre ambos. METODOLOGÍA: se parte de una muestra internacional de 7.688 niños y niñas entre 6 y 18 años. Se analizó la variabilidad ontogénica del IMC e IC por edad y su dimorfismo sexual así como la asociación entre condición nutricional y tamaño relativo del tronco. RESULTADOS: El IMC aumenta con la edad análogamente en ambos sexos. El IC disminuye hasta los 12 años, momento en el que comienza a aumentar alcanzando promedios superiores en el sexo femenino. Valores de IC elevados están relacionados con sobrepeso u obesidad, mientras valores de IC bajos lo están con insuficiencia ponderal (p < 0,001). CONCLUSIONES: Los sujetos con extremidad inferior más corta respecto a la estatura tienen un mayor riesgo de clasificarse con sobrepeso u obesidad, porque el tronco supone la mayor proporción del peso corporal total. La combinación del IC y del IMC podría mejorar el diagnóstico de la condición nutricional de los individuos

INTRODUCTION: The Body Mass Index (BMI) is used to assess nutritional status in children and adults, but its main limitation is that it does not take into account body composition or length of body segments. The Cormic Index (CI) is used to assess proportionality and relates setting height to total height. OBJECTIVES: To analyse the evolution of BMI and CI with age and the association between them. METHODOLOGY: an international sample of 7,688 boys and girls between 6 and 18 years old is used. The ontogenetic variability of BMI and CI by age and their sexual dimorphism were analysed, as well as the association between nutritional condition and relative size of the trunk. RESULTS: BMI increases with age in both sexes. The CI decreases until 12 years, at which time it begins to increase reaching higher averages in the female sex. High CI values are related to overweight or obesity, while low CI values are related to underweight (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: subjects with shorter lower extremities in relation to height have a greater risk of being classified as overweight or obese, because the trunk accounts for the largest proportion of total body weight. The combination of CI and BMI could improve the diagnosis of the nutritional condition of individuals

La antropometría en las colonias escolares de vacaciones de Madrid, 1887-1936 / Antropometry in 1887-1936 summer camps for schoolchildren from Madrid

Introducción: el Museo Pedagógico Nacional (MPN) organizó colonias de vacaciones para los escolares más pobres de ambos sexos (1887-1926). La Corporación de Antiguos Alumnos de la Institución Libre de Enseñanza (CAAILE) también organizó las suyas (1894-1936). En ellas se tomaron numerosas variables antropométricas tanto a la entrada como a la salida. Objetivos: comparar el estado nutricional de los jóvenes al llegar a la colonia con referencias contemporáneas. Analizar la alimentación recibida y determinar su idoneidad. Comprobar la repercusión de esta alimentación en el estado nutricional de los sujetos. Métodos: la muestra consta de 2.937 individuos (1.720 varones y 1.217 mujeres), de 6 a 17 años. Se han constituido dos grupos de edad (≤ 11 y > 11 años). Se ha recogido información sobre la dieta en las colonias y se ha estimado su calidad mediante el cuestionario KidMed. Se han recopilado datos de estatura, peso, circunferencia mamilar y dinamometrías derecha e izquierda. Se han estimado los índices de masa corporal (IMC) correspondientes. Se han comparado las medidas anteriores a la entrada y salida de la colonia, según edad y sexo. Se han cotejado las categorías de IMC/edad y talla/edad (según OMS) a la entrada y a la salida de la colonia por grupo de edad y sexo. Se ha utilizado el software SPSS v.22 y el AnthroPlus de la OMS. Resultados y conclusiones: el análisis de la dieta demuestra que era equilibrada y saludable. El IMC de los individuos a la llegada de la colonia era inferior al de sus coetáneos. La alimentación recibida repercutió positivamente en su condición nutricional

Introduction: the Museo Pedagógico Nacional (MPN) organized summer camps for the poorest schoolchildren of both sexes (1887-1926). The Former Students of the Institución Libre de Enseñanza (CAAILE) also organized theirs (1894-1936). Numerous anthropometric variables were taken at the beginning and the end of Camps. Objectives: compare the nutritional status of young people upon arrival in the camps with contemporary references. Analyze the received food and determine its suitability. Check the impact of this diet on the nutritional status of the individuals. Methods: the sample consists of 2937 individuals (1720 males and 1217 females), from 6 to 17 years old. Two age groups have been established (≤ 11 and > 11 years). Diet information in the camps has been collected and its quality estimated, using the KidMed questionnaire. Height, weight, mamillary circumference and right and left dynamometry data were collected. Respective Body Mass Indexes (BMI) have been estimated. Measures at the end of the Camps were compared to those at the beginning of them, according to age and sex. BMI / age and height / age (according to WHO) categories have been also compared at the beginning and the end of Camps, by age group and sex. The software SPSS v.22 and the AnthroPlus of the WHO have been used. Results and conclusions: diet analysis shows that it was balanced and healthy. Individuals BMI at the beginning of the camp was inferior to that of their contemporaries. The received food had a positive effect on their nutritional status

[Antropometry in 1887-1936 summer camps for schoolchildren from Madrid]. / La antropometría en las colonias escolares de vacaciones de Madrid, 1887-1936.

INTRODUCTION: the Museo Pedagógico Nacional (MPN) organized summer camps for the poorest schoolchildren of both sexes (1887-1926). The Former Students of the Institución Libre de Enseñanza (CAAILE) also organized theirs (1894-1936). Numerous anthropometric variables were taken at the beginning and the end of Camps. OBJECTIVES: compare the nutritional status of young people upon arrival in the camps with contemporary references. Analyze the received food and determine its suitability. Check the impact of this diet on the nutritional status of the individuals. METHODS: the sample consists of 2937 individuals (1720 males and 1217 females), from 6 to 17 years old. Two age groups have been established (≤ 11 and > 11 years). Diet information in the camps has been collected and its quality estimated, using the KidMed questionnaire. Height, weight, mamillary circumference and right and left dynamometry data were collected. Respective Body Mass Indexes (BMI) have been estimated. Measures at the end of the Camps were compared to those at the beginning of them, according to age and sex. BMI / age and height / age (according to WHO) categories have been also compared at the beginning and the end of Camps, by age group and sex. The software SPSS v.22 and the AnthroPlus of the WHO have been used. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: diet analysis shows that it was balanced and healthy. Individuals BMI at the beginning of the camp was inferior to that of their contemporaries. The received food had a positive effect on their nutritional status.

Introducción: el Museo Pedagógico Nacional (MPN) organizó colonias de vacaciones para los escolares más pobres de ambos sexos (1887- 1926). La Corporación de Antiguos Alumnos de la Institución Libre de Enseñanza (CAAILE) también organizó las suyas (1894-1936). En ellas se tomaron numerosas variables antropométricas tanto a la entrada como a la salida.Objetivos: comparar el estado nutricional de los jóvenes al llegar a la colonia con referencias contemporáneas. Analizar la alimentación recibida y determinar su idoneidad. Comprobar la repercusión de esta alimentación en el estado nutricional de los sujetos.Métodos: la muestra consta de 2.937 individuos (1.720 varones y 1.217 mujeres), de 6 a 17 años. Se han constituido dos grupos de edad (≤ 11 y > 11 años). Se ha recogido información sobre la dieta en las colonias y se ha estimado su calidad mediante el cuestionario KidMed. Se han recopilado datos de estatura, peso, circunferencia mamilar y dinamometrías derecha e izquierda. Se han estimado los índices de masa corporal (IMC) correspondientes. Se han comparado las medidas anteriores a la entrada y salida de la colonia, según edad y sexo. Se han cotejado las categorías de IMC/edad y talla/edad (según OMS) a la entrada y a la salida de la colonia por grupo de edad y sexo. Se ha utilizado el software SPSS v.22 y el AnthroPlus de la OMS.Resultados y conclusiones: el análisis de la dieta demuestra que era equilibrada y saludable. El IMC de los individuos a la llegada de la colonia era inferior al de sus coetáneos. La alimentación recibida repercutió positivamente en su condición nutricional.

Referencias para dinamometría manual en función de la estatura en edad pediátrica y adolescente / Hand grip dynamometry references by height ranges in pediatric and adolescent age

Antecedentes y objetivo: La dinamometría de la mano es una prueba funcional recomendada en la evaluación nutricional. Suele expresarse en función de la edad pero durante el crecimiento, incluso a la misma edad, varía el tamaño corporal. El objetivo del presente trabajo es aportar referencias de la fuerza de la mano en función de la talla. Sujetos y método: La muestra consta de 1.798 escolares entre 6 y 15 años. Se midió la talla, el peso y la fuerza de ambas manos. La dinamometría media (DM) se expresó en función de la estatura y se obtuvieron ecuaciones predictivas. La estadística descriptiva, comparativa y el análisis de regresión se efectuaron con el SPSS 21.0 Resultados: Se aportan referencias percentilares para la DM por categorías de talla en rangos de 5 cm. Las fórmulas obtenidas a partir del modelo de regresión (varones: DM = 0,207*peso + 0,621*talla - 71,461; mujeres DM=0,258*peso + 0,394*talla - 43,967) fueron validadas con la mitad de la muestra. Conclusiones: Las ecuaciones predictivas que se aportan en este trabajo permiten estimar la DM a partir del peso y la estatura con independencia de la edad (AU)

Background and objectives: Hand grip dynamometry is a functional test recommended in the nutritional assessment. Usually it is expressed in terms of age but during growth even at the same age, body size varies. The aim of this study is to provide references of hand strength depending on the height. Subjects and method: The sample consists of 1,798 students between 6 and 15 years. Height, weight and strength of both hands were measured. The mean dynamometry (MD) was expressed in terms of height and predictive equations were obtained. Descriptive statistics, comparative and regression analysis were performed using SPSS 21.0 Results: Percentile references for MD are provided by height categories in ranges of 5 cm. The obtained formulas from the regression model (males: MD = 0.207 * 0.621 * weight + size - 71.461; females: MD = 0.258 * 0.394 * weight + size - 43.967) were validated in half of the sample. Conclusions: The predictive equations given in this paper allow estimating MD from weight and height independently of age (AU)

Análisis semilongitudinal de la condición física en adolescentes madrileños / Semilongitudinal analysis of the physical status in madrilenian adolescents

La condición física tiene gran importancia sobre la salud de los sujetos, pero también es primordial ajustar la carga del entrenamiento y adecuarla a la edad de los individuos. El profesorado de Educación Física puede evaluar la condición física de su alumnado a partir de siete pruebas que forman parte de los contenidos curriculares de la mencionada asignatura. Los objetivos de este trabajo son, por un lado, conocer la condición física de los estudiantes madrileños de ambos sexos de 13 a 18 años y, por otro, elaborar unos patrones actualizados que sirvan de referencia al profesorado de Educación Física para su alumnado de ESO y Bachillerato. Se ha efectuado un análisis semilongitudinal, ya que cada sujeto ha sido evaluado entre dos y ocho ocasiones. La muestra se compone de 4.271 registros (2.333 de chicos y 1.938 de chicas) de más de 500 escolares de 13 a 18 años. Los ejercicios examinados determinan las capacidades físicas de los estudiantes, fuerza, resistencia, velocidad y flexibilidad. Estas pruebas son: abdominales en 30 segundos, carrera de 9 m x 4, salto horizontal, carrera de 50 m lisos, lanzamiento del balón medicinal de 3 kg, flexión del tronco y carrera de 1.000 m. Los resultados presentados permiten caracterizar la aptitud física de los escolares madrileños. Se ha examinado la variabilidad ontogénica y sexual y se aportan las correspondientes tablas con la media, desviación estándar y la distribución percentilar para cada una de las pruebas, según sexo y edad en años cumplidos. En el análisis efectuado con el paquete estadístico SPSS (versión 20.0) se manifiesta un dimorfismo sexual significativo (p < 0,001) para todos los ejercicios estudiados. Asimismo los valores aportados por esta investigación muestran que los varones obtienen mejores resultados que las mujeres en todas las pruebas físicas, excepto en aquellas que miden la flexibilidad

Physical fitness is very important for health, but is also essential to adjust the training load and adapt it to the age of individuals. The Physical Education teachers can assess the fitness of their students, from seven tests that are part of the curricular contents of that subject. The aim of the present work was to determine the physical aptitude of Madrilenian students of both sexes aged 13 to 18, and to develop an updated reference patterns that could serving to assess the physical fitness in High Schools students. Longitudinal study was performed, since each individual was evaluated among two and eight times. The sample consisted of 4271 records (2333 boys and 1938 girls) from more than 500 individuals between 13 and 18 years old. The tested exercises determine the physical capabilities of students, strength, endurance, speed and flexibility. These tests are the following: SitUps in 30 seconds, 4 x 9 meter Shuttle Run test, 50 m shuttle-run test, Standing Broad Jump, medicine ball explosive power test and trunk flexion test. Results allow characterizing the physical fitness of the Madrilenian students. Ontogenic and sexual variability were examined and the corresponding tables are provided with mean, standard deviation and percentile distribution for each test, according to sex and age. The statistical analysis, made using the SPSS v.20.0, shows a significant sexual dimorphism (p < 0.001) for all the studied tests. The obtained values in this research also prove that boys outperform girls in all the physical test, except in those that measure flexibility

SUBSCAPULAR AND TRICEPS SKINFOLDS REFERENCE VALUES OF HISPANIC AMERICAN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS AND THEIR COMPARISON WITH THE REFERENCE OF CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION (CDC).

INTRODUCTION: the assessment of the skinfold thickness is an objective measure of adiposity. Therefore, it is a useful tool for nutritional diagnosis and prevention of metabolic risk associated with excess fat in chilhood and adolescence. OBJECTIVE: to provide percentiles of subscapular and triceps skinfolds for Hispanic American schoolchildren and compare them with those published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) from United States, that it have been commonly used as a reference in most of these countries. METHODS: subscapular and triceps skinfolds were measured in 9.973 schoolchildren 4-19 aged from Spain, Argentina, Cuba, Venezuela and Mexico with Holtain caliper with 0.2 mm accuracy. Percentiles were obtained with the LMS statistical method and were presented in tables divided in stages of 6 months and in curves graphics. The difference between Hispanic American and CDC mean values were provided for P3, P50 and P97 in mm and also were graphically represented. RESULTS: skinfolds measurements obviously increased with age in both sexes but, in boys, this increase is much more marked in highest percentiles between 8 and 13 years; this maximum is reached earlier than what occurs in CDC reference. In both sexes, all percentiles analized in Hispanic American schoolchildren were higher than the CDC reference except P97 up to 10 or 13 years that was notably smaller. CONCLUSIONS: the skinfolds percentiles of Hispanic American children and adolescents differ from CDC that are usually used as reference. The values of subscapular and triceps skinfolds provided in this study, could be applied to populations of a similar ethnic background, especially in comparative studies of body composition.

Introducción: la evaluacion del grosor de los pliegues subcutáneos es una medida objetiva de la adiposidad. Es por tanto una herramienta útil para el diagnóstico nutricional y la prevención del riesgo metabólico asociado al exceso de grasa en la infancia y adolescencia. Objetivo: proporcionar valores percentilares de los pliegues adiposos subcutáneos subescapular y tricipital para escolares hispanoamericanos y compararlos con los valores publicados por los Centros para el Control y Prevención de Enfermedades (CDC) de los Estados Unidos, que comunmente se emplean como referencia en estos países. Métodos: se midió el pliegue subescapular y tricipital en 9.973 escolares entre 4 y 19 años procedentes de España, Argentina, Cuba, Venezuela y México con un calibre Holtain de 0,2 mm de precisión. Los percentiles fueron calculados mediante el método estadístico LMS y presentados en tablas divididas en intervalos de seis meses y en gráficos de curvas. La diferencia entre los valores medios hispanoamericanos y los valores del CDC se muestran para el P3, P50 y P97 en mm, y también gráficamente. Resultados: las medidas de los pliegues subcutáneos se incrementan obviamente con la edad pero, en niños, este incremento es mucho más marcado en los percentiles superiores entre los 8 y 13 años; este máximo es alcanzado antes que en la referencia del CDC. En ambos sexos, todos los percentiles analizados fueron superiores en los escolares hispanoamericanos, exceptuando el P97 por encima de los 10 o 13 años, donde resultó notablemente inferior. Conclusiones: los percentiles de pliegues adiposos de los niños y adolescentes hispanoamericanos difieren de la referencia del CDC. Los valores del pliegie subescapular y tricipital proporcionados en este estudio podrían ser aplicados en poblaciones de similar origen étnico, especialmente en estudios comparativos de la composición corporal.

Subscapular and triceps skinfolds reference values of Hispanic American children and adolescents and their comparison with the reference of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) / Valores de referencia para los pliegues adiposos subescapular y tricipital de niños y adolescentes hispanoamericanos y su comparación con la referencia de los centros para el control y prevención de enfermedades (CDC)

Introduction: the assessment of the skinfold thickness is an objective measure of adiposity. Therefore, it is a useful tool for nutritional diagnosis and prevention of metabolic risk associated with excess fat in chilhood and adolescence. Objective: to provide percentiles of subscapular and triceps skinfolds for Hispanic American schoolchildren and compare them with those published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) from United States, that it have been commonly used as a reference in most of these countries. Methods: subscapular and triceps skinfolds were measured in 9.973 schoolchildren 4-19 aged from Spain, Argentina, Cuba, Venezuela and Mexico with Holtain caliper with 0.2 mm accuracy. Percentiles were obtained with the LMS statistical method and were presented in tables divided in stages of 6 months and in curves graphics. The difference between Hispanic American and CDC mean values were provided for P3, P50 and P97 in mm and also were graphically represented. Results: skinfolds measurements obviously increased with age in both sexes but, in boys, this increase is much more marked in highest percentiles between 8 and 13 years; this maximum is reached earlier than what occurs in CDC reference. In both sexes, all percentiles analized in Hispanic American schoolchildren were higher than the CDC reference except P97 up to 10 or 13 years that was notably smaller. Conclusions: the skinfolds percentiles of Hispanic American children and adolescents differ from CDC that are usually used as reference. The values of subscapular and triceps skinfolds provided in this study, could be applied to populations of a similar ethnic background, especially in comparative studies of body composition (AU)

Introducción: la evaluación del grosor de los pliegues subcutáneos es una medida objetiva de la adiposidad. Es por tanto una herramienta útil para el diagnóstico nutricional y la prevención del riesgo metabólico asociado al exceso de grasa en la infancia y adolescencia. Objetivo: proporcionar valores percentilares de los pliegues adiposos subcutáneos subescapular y tricipital para escolares hispanoamericanos y compararlos con los valores publicados por los Centros para el Control y Prevención de Enfermedades (CDC) de los Estados Unidos, que comunmente se emplean como referencia en estos países. Métodos: se midió el pliegue subescapular y tricipital en 9.973 escolares entre 4 y 19 años procedentes de España, Argentina, Cuba, Venezuela y México con un calibre Holtain de 0,2 mm de precisión. Los percentiles fueron calculados mediante el método estadístico LMS y presentados en tablas divididas en intervalos de seis meses y en gráficos de curvas. La diferencia entre los valores medios hispanoamericanos y los valores del CDC se muestran para el P3, P50 y P97 en mm, y también gráficamente. Resultados: las medidas de los pliegues subcutáneos se incrementan obviamente con la edad pero, en niños, este incremento es mucho más marcado en los percentiles superiores entre los 8 y 13 años; este máximo es alcanzado antes que en la referencia del CDC. En ambos sexos, todos los percentiles analizados fueron superiores en los escolares hispanoamericanos, exceptuando el P97 por encima de los 10 o 13 años, donde resultó notablemente inferior. Conclusiones: los percentiles de pliegues adiposos de los niños y adolescentes hispanoamericanos difieren de la referencia del CDC. Los valores del pliegie subescapular y tricipital proporcionados en este estudio podrían ser aplicados en poblaciones de similar origen étnico, especialmente en estudios comparativos de la composición corporal (AU)

Influencia del desayuno sobre el exceso ponderal en población infantil y adolescente de Madrid / Influence of breakfast on overweight and obesity in child and adolescent population from Madrid

Introducción: En los últimos años, el exceso de peso se ha incrementado considerablemente en la población infantil y adolescente española. Este hecho se ha visto especialmente asociado con la aparición de nuevos hábitos alimentarios, como la ausencia del desayuno, la calidad de éste o el abandono de la denominada dieta mediterránea. Objetivos: Determinar el Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) de un grupo de escolares y contrastarlo con estudios similares. Analizar la ausencia/presencia del desayuno, la composición del mismo y la calidad de la dieta en general. Relacionar los hábitos alimentarios mencionados anteriormente con la condición nutricional de los estudiantes. Métodos: Se calculó el IMC (kg/m2) de 986 madrileños de 9 a 15 años. Se estableció el porcentaje de sujetos correspondientes a cada una de las categorías nutricionales propuestas por la International Obesity Task Force (IOTF). Los datos de exceso ponderal obtenidos se compararon con los de otros estudios españoles, que habían utilizado los mismos estándares de referencia. Asimismo, se determinó la alimentación en general de los escolares, a partir de la encuesta Kidmed. Del mismo modo, se estudió la existencia o no del hábito de desayunar y los componentes alimenticios de dicha ingesta. Se relacionaron dichos datos con la condición nutricional de los escolares y se establecieron comparaciones mediante la prueba de Chi-Cuadrado. Resultados: Respecto al exceso de peso se constata, por un lado, que es inferior en la serie femenina (26,4%) que en la masculina (31,5%) y, por otro, que hay mayor número de escolares con sobrepeso (22,9%) que con obesidad (5,8%). La ausencia del hábito de desayunar es superior en las chicas (7,5%) que en los varones (4,9%). La presencia de dicha costumbre está asociada significativamente con mayores porcentajes de bajo peso o normopeso, en escolares de 11 a 13 años. Igualmente resulta significativa la relación entre el consumo de lácteos en el desayuno y los bajos niveles de IMC, pero esto no ocurre en el caso de los cereales. Discusión: Hay coincidencia con otros estudios en diversos aspectos: que el tanto por ciento de sujetos con sobrepeso es superior al de obesidad; que al aumentar la edad de los escolares crece el porcentaje de los que no desayunan y que hay concordancia entre la dieta de alta calidad y un menor IMC. Del mismo modo, los resultados son parecidos en que existe relación entre el consumo de lácteos en el desayuno y el exceso ponderal, aunque no resulta significativa y, sin embargo, no hay asociación en el caso de los cereales. En cambio, los datos resultan algo dispares con otros trabajos, al diferenciar los dos sexos, respecto al superávit de peso o al porcentaje de que los que no desayunan. Conclusiones: Existe mayor número de escolares con sobrepeso que con obesidad. El exceso ponderal es superior en el sexo masculino. El porcentaje de chicas que prescinde de la primera comida diaria es inferior al de los chicos. El IMC disminuye en los sujetos que desayunan. El hábito de no desayunar aumenta con la edad. La ingestión de lácteos en el desayuno está ligada a un mayor porcentaje de bajo peso o normopeso, hecho que no ocurre en el caso de los cereales. La mayoría de los estudiantes que siguen una dieta de alta calidad no presentan superávit de peso (AU)

Introduction: In the last years, the percentage of overweight and obese children and teenagers has increased among the Spanish population. This fact is closely associated with the acquisition of new alimentary habits. Aims: The primary aim of this study was to determine the Body Mass Index (BMI) in a group of schoolchildren and to compare the results to those of similar studies. Also, an association between both having breakfast and the quality of this meal, and the nutritional status of the children was investigated. Methods: This study comprises a sample of 986 school boys and schoolgirls who lived in Madrid and were aged 9 to 15 years old. Several anthropometric measures were taken in these children, including height and weight, which were used to calculate their BMI. The percentage of subjects from each category was established following the criteria of the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF). The results were compared with other Spanish studies. Also, the feeding behavior of children and teens was determined from the Kidmed test. Presence or absence of breakfast was related to nutritional condition and comparisons were assessed by chi-square test. Results: The results of this study reveal that the percentage of overweight children (22,9%) is higher than that of obese children (5,8%), and that both measures are higher in boys (31,5%) compared to girls (26,4%). On the other hand 7,5 % of girls do not have breakfast daily, whereas 4,9% of boys have this habit. Also, the results indicate that the habit of breakfasting is associated with higher values of low and normal weight, and this association is statistically significant in the age group including children 11 to 13 years old, and more specifically among girls these ages. Finally, the study shows that taking dairy products as part of breakfast is related to a lower prevalence of obesity at all ages analyzed, however, no significant relationship was found between having cereals at breakfast and a lower BMI. Discussion: There is general agreement with other studies in various aspects: the percentage of overweight subjects exceeds that of obese subjects; the older the schoolchildren are, the higher is the percentage of them who skip breakfast and there is a link between diet quality and lower BMI. In the same way, similar results are obtained about the relationship between the consumption of milk at breakfast and excessive weight, although not significant. However, there is no such association in the case of cereals. Instead, data is somewhat disparate with other works, if is differentiated by sex, regarding a surplus of weight or the percentage of those who do not eat breakfast. Conclusions: There are more overweight schoolchildren than obese schoolchildren. Excessive weight is more frequent in males. The percentage of girls who dispenses with the first daily meal is lower than that of boys. BMI decreases in subjects who eat breakfast. The habit of skipping breakfast increases with age. Ingestion of milk at breakfast is linked to a higher percentage of underweight or normal weight, a fact that does not occur in the case of cereals. Most students pursuing high quality diet have no surplus weight (AU)

Factores determinantes del índice de masa corporal en escolares españoles a partir de las Encuestas Nacionales de Salud / Determining factors in body mass index of Spanish schoolchildren based on the National Health Surveys

Introducción Las Encuestas Nacionales de Salud no establecen relaciones sinérgicas entre variables. El propósito del presente trabajo es profundizar en el análisis secular del índice de masa corporal (IMC) y su relación con otros parámetros contenidos en el cuestionario de menores. Material y métodos Se analizan datos de las entrevistas realizadas (entre 1987 y 2006) a padres o tutores de escolares de 9 a 15 años. Se seleccionaron talla y peso declarados por los progenitores, calculando posteriormente el IMC. Se establecen categorías en función del sexo y edad, tiempo dedicado al sueño y a ver televisión y, por último, frecuencia de la actividad física. Mediante pruebas de ANOVA se analiza la evolución secular del IMC y su dependencia de los factores mencionados. Resultados y conclusiones Se verifica un significativo aumento secular del peso y talla que, entre los 12 y 15 años, es de mayor intensidad en la serie masculina. Se constata la influencia de la actividad física sobre el IMC, que disminuye al aumentar las sesiones destinadas al ejercicio (p < 0,001). En contraposición, dicho índice se eleva (p < 0,001) con el tiempo dedicado a ver televisión. Se confirma también el papel del descanso nocturno como modulador del tamaño corporal, ya que los escolares de 9 a 11 años que duermen más de 9 h tienen un IMC menor (p < 0,001) que los que descansan menos. Entre los 12 y 15 años el IMC disminuye (p < 0,001) a partir de las 6 h de sueño (AU)

Introduction Spanish National Health Surveys do not establish synergistic relations between variables. The purpose of this study was to perform a deeper historical analysis of body mass index (BMI) and its relation to other parameters included in the questionnaire for children. Material and methods Data from interviews conducted (between 1987 and 2006) to parents and guardians of schoolchildren aged 9-15 years were analyzed. Height and weight reported by parents were selected and used to calculate BMI. Subjects were stratified by age, gender, time spent sleeping and watching television and, finally, frequency of physical activity. The historical trend of BMI and its dependence on the above factors were analyzed using ANOVA tests. Results and conclusions Significant weight and height increases were seen, which were more marked in boys aged 12 to 15 years. Influence of physical activity on BMI was shown, but decreased (P < .001) as exercise time increased. By contrast, BMI increased (P < .001) as time spent watching television increased. On the other hand, the role of sleep as modulator of body size was confirmed, since schoolchildren aged 9-11 years who slept over 9 h had lower BMIs (P < .001). In subjects aged 12 to 15, BMI decreased (P < .001) from 6 h of sleep (AU)

[Utility of self-reported anthropometric data for evaluation of obesity in the Spanish population; study EPINUT-ARKOPHARMA]. / Utilidad de los datos antropométricos auto-declarados para la evaluación de la obesidad en la población española; estudio EPINUT-ARKOPHARMA.

INTRODUCTION: Epidemiological studies frequently use weight and height collected by questionnaires, but the inaccuracy of self-reported data may bias the evaluation result. The aim of this study is to validate the self-report in Spanish adult population emphasizing the effect of age and nutritional status of the subjects. METHODS: The sample consist of 9,294 adults (8,072 women and 1,222 men) recruited from dietetic counselling centers dependents of Arkopharma laboratories in 46 Spanish provinces. Weight and height were asked and subsequently measured, calculating differences between self-reported and real parameters. Error in the estimation of body mass index (BMI) was evaluated considering the effect of age and nutritional status (T-test and multiple linear regression). Correlation between the classification based on self-reported BMI and anthropometric was analyzed using the Kappa test. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Using the self-reported data, BMI was underestimated (2.62% in men, 3.10% in women). The error increases with age and extreme nutritional categories. The agreement between self-reported and real BMI in the nutritional assessment was good and correctly classified 74.71% of the males and 89.5% of women (Kappa: 0.695 and 0.782 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Considering the effect of age and nutritional status on the self-awareness of body size, we recommend caution in the use of questionnaires for epidemiological assessment.

Introducción: En epidemiología es frecuente recabar el peso y talla mediante cuestionario, pero la inexactitud de los datos auto-referidos puede sesgar el resultado de la evaluación. El objetivo es validar el auto-reporte en población adulta española enfatizando el efecto de la edad y la condición nutricional de los sujetos. Material y métodos: La muestra consta de 9.294 adultos (8.072 mujeres y 1.222 varones) reclutados en centros de orientación dietética dependientes de los laboratorios Arkopharma en 46 provincias españolas. Se preguntaron peso y talla midiéndose posteriormente y calculando las diferencias entre parámetros auto-referidos y reales. Se evaluó el error en la estima del Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) considerando el efecto de la edad y la condición nutricional (T de Student y regresión lineal múltiple). Se analizó la concordancia entre la clasificación realizada a partir del IMC auto-referido y antropométrico mediante el test de Kappa. Resultados y discusión: Utilizando datos auto-referidos, el IMC se infravalora (2,62% en varones; 3,10% en mujeres). El error aumenta con la edad y en las categorías nutricionales extremas. El acuerdo en la evaluación nutricional a partir del IMC auto-referido y real es bueno, clasificándose de manera correcta el 74,71% de los varones y el 89,5 % de las mujeres (Kappa: 0,695 y 0,782 respectivamente). Conclusiones: Teniendo en cuenta el efecto de la edad y de la condición nutricional sobre el auto-conocimiento del tamaño corporal, se recomienda cautela en el empleo de cuestionarios encaminados a la valoración epidemiológica.

Utilidad de los datos antropométricos auto-declarados para la evaluación de la obesidad en la población española; estudio EPINUT-ARKOPHARMA / Utility of self-reported anthropometric data for evaluation of obesity in the spanish population; study epinut-arkopharma

Introducción: En epidemiología es frecuente recabar el peso y talla mediante cuestionario, pero la inexactitud de los datos auto-referidos puede sesgar el resultado de la evaluación. El objetivo es validar el auto-reporte en población adulta española enfatizando el efecto de la edad y la condición nutricional de los sujetos. Material y métodos: La muestra consta de 9.294 adultos (8.072 mujeres y 1.222 varones) reclutados en centros de orientación dietética dependientes de los laboratorios Arkopharma en 46 provincias españolas. Se preguntaron peso y talla midiéndose posteriormente y calculando las diferencias entre parámetros auto-referidos y reales. Se evaluó el error en la estima del Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) considerando el efecto de la edad y la condición nutricional (T de Student y regresión lineal múltiple). Se analizó la concordancia entre la clasificación realizada a partir del IMC auto-referido y antropométrico mediante el test de Kappa. Resultados y discusión: Utilizando datos auto-referidos, el IMC se infravalora (2,62% en varones; 3,10% en mujeres). El error aumenta con la edad y en las categorías nutricionales extremas. El acuerdo en la evaluación nutricional a partir del IMC auto-referido y real es bueno, clasificándose de manera correcta el 74,71% de los varones y el 89,5 % de las mujeres (Kappa: 0,695 y 0,782 respectivamente). Conclusiones: Teniendo en cuenta el efecto de la edad y de la condición nutricional sobre el auto-conocimiento del tamaño corporal, se recomienda cautela en el empleo de cuestionarios encaminados a la valoración epidemiológica (AU)

INTRODUCTION: Epidemiological studies frequently use weight and height collected by questionnaires, but the inaccuracy of self-reported data may bias the evaluation result. The aim of this study is to validate the self-report in Spanish adult population emphasizing the effect of age and nutritional status of the subjects. METHODS: The sample consist of 9,294 adults (8,072 women and 1,222 men) recruited from dietetic counselling centers dependents of Arkopharma laboratories in 46 Spanish provinces. Weight and height were asked and subsequently measured, calculating differences between self-reported and real parameters. Error in the estimation of body mass index (BMI) was evaluated considering the effect of age and nutritional status (T-test and multiple linear regression). Correlation between the classification based on self-reported BMI and anthropometric was analyzed using the Kappa test. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Using the self-reported data, BMI was underestimated (2.62% in men, 3.10% in women). The error increases with age and extreme nutritional categories. The agreement between self-reported and real BMI in the nutritional assessment was good and correctly classified 74.71% of the males and 89.5% of women (Kappa: 0.695 and 0.782 respectively).CONCLUSIONS: Considering the effect of age and nutritional status on the self-awareness of body size, we recommend caution in the use of questionnaires for epidemiological assessment (AU)

[Determining factors in body mass index of Spanish schoolchildren based on the National Health Surveys]. / Factores determinantes del índice de masa corporal en escolares españoles a partir de las Encuestas Nacionales de Salud.

INTRODUCTION: Spanish National Health Surveys do not establish synergistic relations between variables. The purpose of this study was to perform a deeper historical analysis of body mass index (BMI) and its relation to other parameters included in the questionnaire for children. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data from interviews conducted (between 1987 and 2006) to parents and guardians of schoolchildren aged 9-15 years were analyzed. Height and weight reported by parents were selected and used to calculate BMI. Subjects were stratified by age, gender, time spent sleeping and watching television and, finally, frequency of physical activity. The historical trend of BMI and its dependence on the above factors were analyzed using ANOVA tests. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Significant weight and height increases were seen, which were more marked in boys aged 12 to 15 years. Influence of physical activity on BMI was shown, but decreased (P<.001) as exercise time increased. By contrast, BMI increased (P<.001) as time spent watching television increased. On the other hand, the role of sleep as modulator of body size was confirmed, since schoolchildren aged 9-11 years who slept over 9h had lower BMIs (P<.001). In subjects aged 12 to 15, BMI decreased (P<.001) from 6h of sleep.

Precisión diagnóstica del índice cintura-talla para la identificación del sobrepeso y de la obesidad infantil / Diagnostic accuracy of waist to height ratio in screening of overweight and infant obesity

Fundamento y objetivo: Estudiar la sensibilidad y especificidad del índice cintura altura como indicador de sobrepeso y obesidad en la edad pediátrica y obtener puntos de corte para simplificar el diagnóstico. Se analizaron dos mil trescientos diecinueve niños en edad escolar entre 6 y 14 años: Sujetos y métodos. Se tomaron medidas antropométricas (altura, peso, circunferencia de cintura y pliegues cutáneos de espesor), y de la cintura y la altura (WHR), se calcularon el IMC y porcentaje de grasa. Prueba de ANOVA se utilizó para evaluar el comportamiento de las variables antropométricas durante el período de crecimiento. Se aplicó análisis de la curva ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristics) con WHR como variable de contraste y el sobrepeso y la obesidad como variable criterio. El sobrepeso y la obesidad fueron definidos por los estándares del IMC y referencias adiposidad. Los valores de sensibilidad y especificidad se obtuvieron áreas bajo la curva (AUC), los intervalos de confianza del 95%, y los puntos de corte-offs. El procedimiento estadístico y gráfico se realizó con el programa SPSS ® 18.0. Resultados: WHR no varía con la edad. AUC varió 0,786 a 0,953 lo que indica que el RHO tiene un alto poder predictivo para identificar los sujetos previamente clasificado como con sobrepeso u obesos usando ambos criterios considerados. Conclusión: WHR resultó ser un predictor adecuado y eficaz del sobrepeso y la obesidad en los niños entre 6 y 14 años. Puntos de cortes de WHR que identifican a la obesidad son: 0,51 en hombres y 0,50 en mujeres. Para el, la gama cortes sobrepeso entre 0,47 y 0,48 en función del sexo y la variable criterio (AU)

Background and objective: To explore the sensitivity and specificity of waist to height index as indicator of overweight and obesity in pediatric age and to obtain cut-off points to simplify the diagnosis. Subjects and methods: Two thousand and three hundred and nineteen schoolchildren between 6 and 14 years were analyzed. Anthropometric measures were taken (height, weight, waist circumference and skinfolds thickness), and waist to height ratio (WHR), BMI and fat percentage were calculated. ANOVA test was used to evaluate the performance of anthropometric variables during the growth period. ROC curve analysis (Receiver Operating Characteristics) was applied using WHR as test variable and overweight and obesity status as criterion variable. Overweight and obesity were defined by BMI standards and adiposity references. The sensitivity and specificity values, areas under the curve (AUC), confidence intervals 95%, and cut-offs points were obtained. The statistical and graphical procedure was performed using SPSS® 18.0. Results: WHR does not vary with age. AUC ranged from 0.786 to 0.953 indicating that the WHR has a high predictive power to identify the subjects previously classified as overweight or obese using both considered criteria. Conclusión: WHR proved to be an appropriate and effective predictor of overweight and obesity in children between 6 and 14 years. Cut-offs points of WHR that identify obesity are: 0.51 in males and 0.50 in girls. For the overweight, cut-offs range between 0.47 and 0.48 depending on sex and the criterion variable (AU)

Association between adiposity and blood pressure levels between the ages of 6 and 16 years. Analysis in a student population from Madrid, Spain.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The increase in the incidence of hypertension in children can be attributed to the rising prevalence of obesity. The objective is to analyze the impact of overweight and the degree or distribution of adiposity on blood pressure levels in a population of Spanish schoolchildren. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 1511 schoolchildren between 6 years and 16 years of age. We measured weight, height, waist circumference, subcutaneous skinfolds, and blood pressure. Nutritional categories were established on the basis of body mass index, waist-to-height ratio, and percent body fat. According to the National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group, subjects whose blood pressure was above the 90th percentile of the standard normal distribution were considered to have high blood pressure. RESULTS: In all, 3.17% of the boys and 3.05% of the girls had high blood pressure. According to odds ratio analysis, the risk of high blood pressure increased in individuals with a body mass index indicative of obesity (7.87-fold in boys, 12.32-fold in girls), with a percent body fat>97th percentile (6.98-fold in boys, 18.51-fold in girls), or with a waist-to-height ratio ≥0.5 (10.56-fold in boys, 7.82-fold in girls). CONCLUSIONS: Overweight and obesity increase the risk of high blood pressure in children between 6 years and 16 years of age, although the risk level varies depending on the amount and distribution of adipose tissue. Anthropometric indicators of relative adiposity and fat distribution are especially useful in the identification of children and adolescents with high blood pressure.

[Diagnostic accuracy of waist to height ratio in screening of overweight and infant obesity]. / Precisión diagnóstica del índice cintura-talla para la identificación del sobrepeso y de la obesidad infantil.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To explore the sensitivity and specificity of waist to height index as indicator of overweight and obesity in pediatric age and to obtain cut-off points to simplify the diagnosis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Two thousand and three hundred and nineteen schoolchildren between 6 and 14 years were analyzed. Anthropometric measures were taken (height, weight, waist circumference and skinfolds thickness), and waist to height ratio (WHR), BMI and fat percentage were calculated. ANOVA test was used to evaluate the performance of anthropometric variables during the growth period. ROC curve analysis (Receiver Operating Characteristics) was applied using WHR as test variable and overweight and obesity status as criterion variable. Overweight and obesity were defined by BMI standards and adiposity references. The sensitivity and specificity values, areas under the curve (AUC), confidence intervals 95%, and cut-offs points were obtained. The statistical and graphical procedure was performed using SPSS(®) 18.0. RESULTS: WHR does not vary with age. AUC ranged from 0.786 to 0.953 indicating that the WHR has a high predictive power to identify the subjects previously classified as overweight or obese using both considered criteria. CONCLUSION: WHR proved to be an appropriate and effective predictor of overweight and obesity in children between 6 and 14 years. Cut-offs points of WHR that identify obesity are: 0.51 in males and 0.50 in girls. For the overweight, cut-offs range between 0.47 and 0.48 depending on sex and the criterion variable.